Book Review Inferno - 1595 Words

Monica Paultre Professor Christensen October 27, 2014 Research Paper Inferno As humans evolve, so do their stories. In every country, culture, and race, tales as old as time itself continue to pass on throughout generations. With multitudes of stories that deform within translations, certain stories may win over the hearts of readers worldwide and never lose its tale. Reasons may include the intriguing title, history of the work, attention to detail in symbolism and emotions, controversy in the plot, or all of the above. Born in Florence dating back to 1265, Dante Alighieri, not only the author, but also the protagonist, undergoes an epic adventure through the treacherous pits of Hell. Due to its outdated language from 13th and 14th†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"As little flowers, which the chill of night has bent and huddled, when the white sun strikes, grow straight and open fully on their stems, so did I, too, with my exhausted force.† (Dante Alighieri, Inferno). Readers develop more in depth interest of the storyline due to the to these emoti ons of loss and love, along with the sacrifice and determination. Each level of Hell contains a punishment for every act of sin from the most innocent to the most gruesome. With every intention to escape from the inferno, the ironic solution to paradise lies within experiencing the depths of the pit. Dating back to the 13th and 14th century, Christianity takes a great part in the beliefs and practices involving the fear of punishment for sins. Common issues currently remain relevant because the struggle between good and evil endlessly battles amongst one another. Thrill seekers enjoy the novel, embracing the worst fears of hell and expressing Inferno in various music, video games, stories, and art. With modern media advertising the book, more readers take interest into the story in inspiration of what lies within Dante’s fate. In 1306, the Divine Comedy composes of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, laying out the basic structure of Christianity’s belief on life after death. Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, other known as Heaven, taking the most fearful punishments,

Elizabeth I, Monarch Of England, And Marie De L ...

Elizabeth I, monarch of England, and Marie de l’Incarnation, a French nun, both invoked God and other forms of religious power to stake their claims to authority. Elizabeth’s role as a queen came at a time when her country was going through political turmoil. Marie’s role as a missionary in New France was to civilize the indigenous people. Although working to better their countries, both of these writers are vastly different due to their social positions. While Elizabeth had the substantial task of ruling over her country, Marie was serving her country as a missionary; however, both writers utilize religion to accomplish their various duties. Marie utilized her understanding of religion and the Native’s understanding of religion to build a relationship built on trust. She arrived in modern day Quebec in the late 1630’s as a missionary from her country to educate and civilize the Natives there to match European traditions. Marie found similarities with the indigenous people as even though they didn’t have a God, they had their own forms of worship. In Letter 65 to her son, she answers his questions regarding the â€Å"Savages’† beliefs on divinity. â€Å"Certain ones adored the sun and offered its sacrifices. Others had recourse to certain spirits who they said provided over the woods but all obeyed their dreams as a divinity† (Marie, 368). Even though the Natives did not have any exposure to â€Å"the True God† before they met the Europeans, they still believed in some sort of higher

Case Analysis in Light of the Criminal Justice Models †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Case Analysis in Light of the Criminal Justice Models. Answer: The Crime Control Model According to this model, a lot of emphasis is made on the legislature and not the courts because it validates authority. In this case, the model accepts the reliance put on the criminal sanctions by the legislatures. In such an instance, we assume that the presented criminal sanction is an absolute guarantor of social freedom as well as being necessary for the maintenance of public order. The assumption leading to the outlined conclusion is that police investigations or prosecutions could possibly control crimes. However, the reality in place is that with the availablelaw enforcement resources are taken to proceed with speed and finality. Fact finding processes are done by the police in the station-houses and streets and not by judges or lawyers in the courts. However, the police happen not to be with "legal guilt" through evidence that is admissible as required. The police is given investigative powers and could have used the same to establish whether the suspect is factually guilty or not. It is factual enough to ask whether the confession of the accused is unreliable (Joab). We are not so much interested in the trial when it comes to this model since the main concern is in the administrative stages of fact finding. The prosecutor is however considered to be in the best position in evaluating the amassed evidence and give an appropriate decision. Police and prospectors alike are required not to waste their time that is limited on those considered to be innocent. Therefore, the trial judge is required to accept guilty pleas instead of inquiring into the pleas factual accuracy or if the accused did have defense. Due Process Model In this case, we begin with skepticism concerning the utility and morality of the sanction. Such skepticism will be based on values that are liberal with regards to the primacy of the accused as well as the complementary concept regarding official power limitation. It should also be noted that less emphasis is put on guilty pleas as well as the efficiency of the process. Equality is also paramount in the sense that the accused need to receive equal treatment with regards to the justifications. The rights of the accused should then be protected since in that way, the assumption made is that the due process rights are as well protected. The criminal cases should, therefore, not be seen as a bipolar matter between the accused and the state. This process imposes several restraints on the police so that the suspects rights are protected. The informal fact-finding processes are also limited in this case. It is illegal for the police to arrest an individual as a way of developing their case . Instance where there is communication between the accused and the police, the individual who is accused need to be informed on his right to receive and contact counsel as well as be silent. The criminal process should not, in any instance, have whatever disparity in its resources between the accused and the state during the time of the arrest. Statements that are taken without a clear voluntary waiver of the accuseds rights need not to be excluded from any subsequent criminal trial. In this way, the accused is protected from self-incrimination that is unfair. A Roller Coaster Model In this case we respond to the existing inadequacies of the states ability to control crimes in a way that protects as well as serve the victims. There is a crisis, in our case because there is a need that is perceived with regards to the defending of the criminal sanction from challenges of due processes. In a normal way, we have to perceive the potential victims as being worthy of some respect. The criminal sanctions defense replicates the assumption of crime control. Such is that the criminallaw has the possibility of controlling crime. The demand posed by victims for criminal sanction should be focusing on their equal protection by the law. Several studies on victimization show, just how much the existing systems have failed. Victims are highlighted to be ill-treated within such systems. If, under any means, a crime takes place, this model will have to ensure that healing and justice are upheld. A Circle Model This is yet another direction towards ensuring that victims are rightfully treated. This circle model is quite different from the roller coaster model. While the Roller Coaster model has its reliance on inadequate criminal sanction and also countering claims of due process, the Circle Model ensures that restorative justice is obtained in situations where crimes occur. The model represents the restoration and prevention processes. In this case, the model manifests through a gated community as well as private police forces. Another way is via neighborhood watch which has to be successful. In a case whereby a crime occurs, we intend to bring about healing, restorative justice and compensation. In this case, stress is made on victims needs rather than their rights. What the model seeks is to minimize the pain of punishment and victimization. According to research activities on victimization, high levels of injustice and unreported criminal activities are due to social policy failures. Un like other models that go for the punitive version of the rights of victims, unreported crime does not get automatically viewed with any sort of alarm (Roach). Victims, according to this model, are non-punitive when it comes to the decisions they make associated with not reporting crimes to the police. There is, however, some bit of non-reporting that is related to the inhospitality and inadequacy of systems of criminal justice as well as fears of retaliation from the offenders. Also, as in the model of crime control, the police are not as concerned with "legal guilt" through admissible evidence as would be expected. Police also have the investigative powers here and could, therefore, use the same to establish whether the suspect is factually guilty or not. The trial is a bit important when it comes to this model. References Joab. "Criminal Law and Process ." Criminology (2006): 4-13. Roach, Kent. "Four Models of the Criminal Process ." Criminal Law and Criminology (1999): 2-47.

Influence Of Teens On The Music Industry Essays - Teenybopper

Influence of Teens on the Music Industry From the Beatles to N' Sync teenyboppers have had an iron grip on the music industry that as far as any can one tell won't be released for many years. There are three main reasons that come directly to mind; age, money, and psychological aspects. These three motives will be embellished on later in the essay. Before we start I would like to propose a question that will clarify this essay a little better. Why does such a small portion of the America society indirectly control such a major part of our culture? The first and most influential part of the explanation to this horrible problem is age. Boys and girls just beginning their teen-age years (12-14) don't drive, probably don't have jobs and have nothing to really do but go to school and watch MTV. This is age group are the people who's parents buy the products that are advertised on MTV. There fore MTV is going to run music videos that teenyboppers want to see so that they can sell advertisement space to the companies targeting this age group. Music has turned from an artful expression of emotions to a multi million-dollar business. Money is the second reason that such horrid music like Brittany Spears and Backstreet Boys get such global acknowledgment. Teenyboppers have nothing to spend their allowance. They don't pay bills, they don't have cars to put gas in, and they don't have any real place to hang out accept the mall. This gives another advantage to the teeny-bops industry. Companies can sell CDs, posters, and corny picture books to money totting teenagers. The final and most profound reason for teenyboppers control of the music industry is the psychological aspect of young teenagers. When young people are just entering their teens they tend to follow the crowd so to speak. They don't take chances and make decisions that stray from the main group. It is an insecurity problem that everyone goes through. That is why so many young people listen to the same music, dress the same, and tend to stick to what their friends choose. There is really no solution to this horrible problem. It has been happening since rock and roll was first developed as kind of music. The only thing we can do is offer no support what so ever to the idiots that exploit the young and vulnerable, find the music that we like and try to tune out the boy bands and there followers.

Expert Systems Essay Example

Expert Systems Essay What is an expert system? The most recent addition to the circle of information systems is the expert system. Expert systems are associated with an area of research known as artificial intelligence. We introduced expert systems and artificial intelligence in the World of computers. † Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer to reason, to learn, to strive for self-improvement, and to simulate human sensory capabilities. Like the DSS, expert systems are computer-based systems that help managers resolve problems or make better decisions. However, an expert system does this with a decidedly different twist. It is an interactive computer-based system that responds to questions, asks for clarification, makes recommendations, and generally helps the user in the decision-making process. In effect, working with an expert system is much like working directly with a human expert to solve a problem because the system mirrors the human thought process. It even uses information supplied by a real expert in a particular field such as medicine, taxes, or geology. An expert system applies preset IF-THN rules to solve a particular problem, such as determining a patient’s illness. Like management information systems and decision support systems, expert systems rely on factual knowledge, but expert systems also rely on heuristic knowledge such as intuition, judgment, and inferences. Both the factual knowledge and the heuristic rules of thumb are acquired from a domain expert, an expert in a particular field, such as jet engine repair, life insurance, or property assessment. We will write a custom essay sample on Expert Systems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Expert Systems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Expert Systems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The expert system uses this human-supplied knowledge to model the human taught process within a particular area of experience . Once completed, a knowledge-based system can approximate the logic of a well-informed human decision maker. Technically speaking; an expert system is the highest form of a knowledge-based system. In practice, the terms expert system and knowledge-based systems are used interchangeably. The less sophisticated knowledge based system is called assistant systems. An assistant system helps users make relatively straightforward decisions. Assistant systems are usually implemented to reduce the possibility that the end user will make an error in judgment rather than to resolve a particular problem. In effect, expert system simulates the human thought process. To varying degrees, they can reason, draw inferences, and make judgments. Here is how an expert system works. Let’s use a medical diagnosis expert system as an example. Upon examining a patient, a physician might use an expert diagnosis system to get help in diagnosing the patient’s illness or, perhaps, to get a second opinion. First the doctor would relate the symptoms to the expert system: male, age 10, temperature of 103, and swollen glands about the neck. Needing more information, the expert system might ask the doctor to examine the parotid gland for swelling. Upon receiving an affirmative answer, the system might ask a few more questions and even ask for lab reports before giving a diagnosis. A final question for the physician might be whether the patient had been previously afflicted with or immunized for parotitis. Based on the information, the expert system would diagnose the illness as parotitis, otherwise known as the mumps. In recent years expert systems have been developed to support decision makers in a broad range of disciplines, including medical diagnosis, oil exploration, financial planning, tax preparation, chemical analysis, surgery, locomotive repair, weather prediction, computer repair, troubleshooting satellite, computer systems configuration, nuclear-power plant operation, newspaper layout, interpreting government regulations, and many others. 5. 1 BENEFITS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS The benefits of an expert system are somewhat different from those of other decision support system s and of management information systems. An expert system enables the knowledge of experts to be canned, so to speak, the specialized knowledge of human experts can be captured in the form of an expert system. For example, at camp-bell’s soup company, Aldo cimino was the only expert trouble-shooter for Campbell’s giant cookers. He and his 43 years of experience were about to retire, so Campbell’s execu tives decided to drain his brain into an expert system. Mr. Cimino may be retired, but Campbell’s soup company continues to benefit from his years of experience. A single expert system can expand the decision-making capabilities of many people. In effect, an expert’s knowledge can be distributed to and used by anyone associated with a specific decision environment. For example, a number of loan officers at a bank can enlist the aid of an expert system for guidance in approving and rejecting loan applications. ?An expert system can improve the productivity and performance of decision makers. By having ready access to an electronic partner with vast expertise in a particular area, decision makers can progress more rapidly to the most acceptable solution. An n expert system can provide stability and consistency to a particular area of decision making. Unlike human beings, an expert system is consistent with regard to decision making. That is an expert system will always r ender the same decision for a given set of information. When people in similar decision-making situations (for example, commercial loans officers in a bank) have access to the advice and guidance of an expert system, the decisions they make tend to be consistent with one another. ?An expert system reduces dependencies on critical personnel. Human beings retire, get sick, take vacations, and only a few of them ever attain the status of expert. Computers do not take coffee breaks. Expert system can benefit from the experience, immediately and after they retire. ?An expert system is an excellent training tool. Companies are using expert systems to train decision makers in a way similar to airlines’ use of flight simulators to train pilots. During training, individuals work through a particular decisions with an expert system. After making the decision, they review the documentation of the decision rationale generated by the expert system. From this documentation, they learn how decisions are made within the context of a particular environment. 5. 3 THE EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL When we talk about expert system, we usually mean systems that can help decisions makers working in a particular domain of expertise, such as the configuration of computer system or commercial lending. As mentioned earlier, these expert systems are the result of substantial development efforts. The software that enables the development of this expert has no â€Å"intelligence† and is known as the expert system shell. Expert system shells are usually domain-independent proprietary software packages that have no application â€Å"knowledge†. An expert system shell contains the generic parts needed to create an expert system for a specific application. For example, the expert system provides companies with the capabilities needed to construct a knowledge base and the facility by which the user interacts with knowledge base. The primary components of the expert system shell are the knowledge-acquisition facility, the knowledge base, the inference engine, and the user interface as shown in fig. . Knowledge Domain Engineer expertRules of thumb Facts MIS AND DSS APP. fig. 2: Components of an Expert System Shell ?Knowledge-acquisition facility: the knowledge- acquisition facility is that component of the expert system shell that permits the construction of the knowledge base. The knowledge base is created through the cooperative efforts of a knowledge engineer and one or more experts in a particul ar field called domain expert: The knowledge engineer translates the expert’s knowledge into factual knowledge and rules to crate the knowledge base. Knowledge base: Appropriate facts and rules are entered into the knowledge base during acquisition phase. To complete the knowledge base, the knowledge engineer, in cooperation with the domain expert, enters the following: the identification of the problems to be solved; possible solution to the problems; and how to progress from problem to solution (primarily through facts and rules of inference). Facts (employee name and so on) needed to articulate the solutions to the user are retrieved from the corporate database. Inference engine: The inference engine is the nucleus of an operational expert system. It is the vehicle by which the facts and rules in the knowledge base is applied to a problem. The inference engine gives an expert system its ability to reason. It does this by leading the user through a logic path that result in a solution. ?User interface: Heuristic procedures are informal; that is, there are no formal algorithms available to solve the problem. An expert system problem is addressed by one strategy as long as it looks promising. The system always retains the option to switch to another strategy. This heuristic approach requires a flexible user interface. This component of an expert system enables the type of interaction between end user and expert system needed for heuristic processing. The user interface permits the end user to describe the problem or goal. It permits both the end user and the expert system to structure questions and responses. Along with a response to a particular inquiry, an expert system usually explains and documents the rationale of why a particular course of action was recommended. . 4 EXPERT SYSTEM SUMMARY One of the myths surrounding expert system is that they will replace human experts. While expert systems augment the capabilities of humans and make them more productive, they will never replace them. Expert system and human complement one another in the decision-making process. The computer –base expert system can handle routine situations with great accuracy, thereby relie ving someone of the burden of a detailed manual analysis. Humans can combine the insight of an expert system with their flexible intuitive abilities to resolve complex problems. The number and variety of expert system applications have increased dramatically with the advent of powerful, cost-effective microcomputers. Expert system advise financial analysts on the best mix of investment; help taxpayers interpret the tax laws; help computer repair persons diagnose the problem of malfunctioning computer; and help independent insurance agents select the best overall coverage for their business clients. In the short period of their existence, expert systems have operated impressively and they continue to improve. Decisions making in every environment are developing or contemplating developing an expert system. Attorneys will hold mock trials with expert system to â€Å"pre-try† their cases Doctors routinely will asked a second opinion. Architects will â€Å"discuss† the structural designed of a building with an expert system. Military officers will â€Å"talk† with the â€Å"expert† to plan battlefield strategy. City planner will â€Å"ask† an expert system to suggest optimal locations for recreational facilities. Some computer industry observers believe that expert systems are the wave of the future and that each of us will have â€Å"expert† help and guidance in our respective professions.

Aristotle Life essays

Aristotle Life essays Aristotle was born in Stagria, a Greek community in Thrace, in 384 B.C. Most of what we know is from a compilation by Diogenes Lertius. He learned dissection and anatomy from his father, Nichomachus. At the age of 17, his personal guard Proxenus sent him to Athens. Aristotle paid close attention to his clothes and accent, as to make himself appear as of a higher class. He then studied at Platos Academy at the age of 18. He earned the reputation of being the most brilliant student quickly. Plato once said that his Academy consisted of the body of his students and the brain of Aristotle. Plato died when Aristotle was 37. Aristotle expected to become the next master of the Academy. However, The Trustees chose a native Athenian, since Aristotle was not born in Athens. Aristotle became an advisor to a former classmate who became a philosopher-king in Asia Minor. Aristotle had little affect and did not influence his former classmate. Nonetheless, Aristotle then married the adopted daughter, Pythias, of the King, Hermeias. Hermeias offended the King of Persia and was then crucified. Aristotle was forced to leave with his wife. They fled to the island of Lesbos where he studied Natural History. While on the island his wife died giving birth to their daughter. Later he had a son with Herpyllis, a lady that he lived with. In 343 B.C. King Phillip of Macedonia invited Aristotle to train his son Alexander. Alexander became one of historys greatest generals, who became known as Alexander the Great. On his conquests he ordered his troops to bring back specimens for his old teacher. King Phillip later sent Aristotle back to Stagria, Greece in 340 B.C. While in Stagria, Aristotle wrote a code of laws to help restore the community, which was ruined by war. In 334 B.C. Aristotle returned to Athens, where founded his own Platonic school there, and later at Lyceum. Alexander possibly funded these schools, whe...

Delivery of Nursing Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Delivery of Nursing Care - Case Study Example The nurses in the intensive care unit have extensive roles and duties upon them that have to be performed with great precision and care. The management of the brain dead patient and his family is a very important part of the duty of intensive care unit nurses and extensive knowledge with regard to this subject is needed for the nurses to have expertise in this management. Accurate skills and knowledge are required by a nurse to assess a patient as being brain dead. The nurse should be able to effectively differentiate between brain death and cardiac death and should be able to explain to the family that brain death is a condition which cannot be reversed. She should also possess skills to counsel the family to allow for the organ donation of their patient. It is also the duty of the nurse to provide care to the patient so that his organs may be preserved for harvesting. The case of Joanne is also similar to who is a brain dead patient in the intensive care unit. Joanne has suffered f rom a ruptured berry aneurysm. A ruptured berry aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhage in the brain and it is associated with a mortality rate of 50% (Yachnis and Rivera-Zengotita 2013). Her family is on their way and it is the nurse who has to manage the family upon the arrival. The nurse should inform the family regarding the situation of Joanne and provide support to the family. At the same time, the family should also be counseled for approval for organ donation. Pathophysiology of Berry Aneurysm A berry aneurysm is a point where a blood vessel in the Circle of Willis is weak and dilated. This weakness is mainly due to shortcomings in the proper formation of an artery, particularly at the points where they divide. The arteries at the weak points in the aneurysms only comprise of endothelium and an adventitia. The elastic lamina is not developed and the other muscular layers are also not structurally well-formed. A rise in the intravascular pressure at these points results in f urther dilatation which leads to rupturing of these aneurysms (Rubin and Reisner 2009).